LE BIOETHANOL DE SECONDE GENERATION. LA PRODUCTION D'ETHANOL A PARTIR DE BIOMASSE LIGNOCELLULOSIQUE: La production d'éthanol à partir de biomasse lignocellulosique

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The ambition set out in the Paris Agreement as well as technological developments, including cost reductions for investments in renewable energy, should therefore be taken into account. Directive 2012/27/EU provides for guarantees of origin for proving the origin of electricity produced from high-efficiency cogeneration plants. However, no use is specified for such guarantees of origin, so their use may also be enabled when disclosing the use of energy from high-efficiency cogeneration. Emandi A, Vasiliu CI, Budrugeac P, Stamatin I (2011) Quantitative investigation of wood composition by integrated FT-IR and thermogravimetric methods. Cellul Chem Technol 45:579–584 The establishment of a binding Union renewable energy target for 2030 would continue to encourage the development of technologies which produce renewable energy and provide certainty for investors. A target defined at Union level would leave greater flexibility for Member States to meet their greenhouse gas reduction targets in the most cost-effective manner in accordance with their specific circumstances, energy mix and capacity to produce renewable energy. Lignocellulose consists of three components, each with properties that pose challenges to commercial applications. [10]

Pre-treatment consisted in the dehydration of 20 ± 0.03 g of each sample so as to obtain a dry base (105 ± 5 °C for 24 h) in a forced convection furnace, according to Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) standards (T 264 cm-07, Preparation of Wood for Chemical Analysis). Samples were then ground with a Hamilton Beach grinder model 80374 and sieved so as to obtain a uniform particle size suitable for further analysis [ 33]. Analysis of the chemical composition of wood Lupoi JS, Singh S, Parthasarathi R, Simmonsa BA, Henry RJ (2015) Recent innovations in analytical methods for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of lignin. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 49:871–906When Member States undertake joint projects with one or more third countries regarding the production of renewable electricity, it is appropriate that those joint projects relate only to newly constructed installations or to installations with newly increased capacity. This will help ensure that the proportion of energy from renewable sources in the third country's total energy consumption is not reduced due to the importation of energy from renewable sources into the Union.

Tao G, Lestander TA, Geladi P, Xiong S (2012) Biomass properties in association with plant species and assortments I: a synthesis based on literature data of energy properties. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16:3481–3506 Monot, Frederic; Margeot, Antoine. "Biofuels turn to fungus - Interview with Frédéric Monot and Antoine Margeot, Applied Chemistry and Physical Chemistry Division at IFPEN". IFP Energies nouvelles. Archived from the original on January 27, 2018 . Retrieved July 17, 2015. Santoni I, Callone E, Sandak A, Sandak J, Dirè S (2015) Solid state NMR and IR characterization of wood polymer structure in relation to tree provenance. Carbohydr Polym 117:710–721Hames BR (2009) Biomass compositional analysis for energy applications. In: Jr Mielenz (ed) Biofuels, methods in molecular biology. Humana Press, Totowa, pp 145–167 The Energy Union strategy also recognised the role of the citizen in the energy transition, where citizens take ownership of the energy transition, benefit from new technologies to reduce their bills, and participate actively in the market. With regard to Intelligent Transport, it is important to increase the development and deployment of electric mobility for road, as well as to accelerate the integration of advanced technologies into innovative rail. Galván-Hernández DM, Lozada-García JA, Flores-Estévez N, Galindo-González J, Vázquez-Torres SM (2015) Altitudinal gradient effect on morphometric variation and leaf symmetry of Platanus mexicana Moric. Rev Chapingo Ser Ciencias For y del Ambient 21:171–183

This is the first known report on the FTIR spectrum of wood of A. religiosa. It is very similar to the spectra reported for woods from the Abies genus as expected [ 59– 61]. Otherwise, the region in spectrum with the highest variation along the altitudinal gradient is in the range of 1640–1760 cm −1 (Fig. 2), which comprises two bands: 1660 and 1735 cm −1, both assigned to carbonyl functional groups. The first band is related to lignin carbonyls, while the second is assigned to lignin and hemicellulose [ 39, 44]. Changes in these carbonyl bands from wood samples are related to chemical variations mainly from lignin, as reported in another studies [ 59, 62– 64]. Ethanol de seconde génération • Le contexte • Le procédé Séminaire Agrocarburants et développement durable – Grenoble, 28-29/01/2008 The promotion of recycled carbon fuels can contribute towards the policy objectives of energy diversification and decarbonisation of the transport sector where they fulfil the appropriate minimum greenhouse gas emissions savings threshold. It is therefore appropriate to include those fuels in the obligation on fuel supplier, whilst giving Member States the option not to consider those fuels in the obligation if they do not wish to do so. Since those fuels are not renewable, they should not be counted towards the overall Union target for energy from renewable sources. U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science (June 2006). "Breaking the Biological Barriers to Cellulosic Ethanol: A Joint Research Agenda. Report from the December 2005 Workshop" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-07 . Retrieved 2008-01-19.Y. Sun, J. Cheng (2002). "Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Materials for Ethanol Production: a Review". Bioresour. Technol. 83 (1): 1–11. doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00212-7. PMID 12058826.

The coherence between the objectives of this Directive and the Union's other environmental law should be ensured. In particular, during assessment, planning or licensing procedures for renewable energy installations, Member States should take account of all Union environmental law and the contribution made by energy from renewable sources towards meeting environmental and climate change objectives, in particular when compared to non-renewable energy installations.Member States should avoid distortive situations resulting in the extensive importation of resources from third countries. A life-cycle approach should be considered and promoted in that respect.